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The mechanistic
target of rapamycin (mTOR),
also known as mammalian
target of rapamycin and FK***-binding
protein **-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1),
is a protein that
in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene. mTOR
is a member of the phosphatidylinositol *-kinase-related
kinase protein
family; it
is a serine/threonine protein kinase that
regulates cell growth, cell proliferation,
cell motility,
cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, transcription.
Discovery
mTOR was first named as the mammalian target of
rapamycin. Rapamycin(sirolimus)
was discovered in a soil sample from Easter Island,
known locally as Rapa Nui, in the ***0s.[7] The
bacterium Streptomyces
hygroscopicus,
isolated from that sample, produces an antifungal that researchers
named rapamycin after the island.
Rapamycin arrests fungal activity at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In mammals, it suppresses the immune system by blocking the G1 to S phase transition in T-lymphocytes. Thus, it is used as an immunosuppressantfollowing organ transplantation.
Molecular genetic studies in yeast (published in ***1) first identified FKBP*2, TOR1, and TOR2 as the targets of rapamycin; these studies were conducted at the Biozentrum in Basel, Switzerland and Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (now Novartis) by Joseph Heitman, Rao Movva, and Michael N. Hall. They isolated rapamycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discovered that mutations in any of three genes can confer rapamycin resistance. Two of the genes were named TOR1 and TOR2 for targets of rapamycin (TOR) and in honor of the Spalentor, a gate to the city of Basel where TOR was first discovered. The third gene is FPR1, which encodes the yeast ortholog of FKBP*2 binding protein in the TOR complexes. Loss of function mutations in FPR1 confer resistance to rapamycin, and also to FK**6, providing genetic evidence the FKBP**-drug complexes are the active intracellular agents. Mutations in TOR1 or TOR2 that confer FKBP**-rapamycin resistance are dominant gain of function mutations that alter single amino acid residues within the FRB domain and thereby block FKBP**-rapamycin binding. Several years later, in ***4 the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was identified and found to be the ortholog of the yeast Tor1/2 proteins and defined as the rapamycin target in mammals by David M. Sabatini and Solomon H. Snyder (Johns Hopkins University) and also by Robert Abraham (who first named it mTOR)and Stuart L. Schreiber(Harvard University). mTOR was named based on the precedent that TOR was first discovered via genetic and molecular studies of rapamycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that identified Tor1 and Tor2 as the targets of rapamycin. Several groups also described the protein independently in the year ***4 using names such as FRAP (FKBP*2rapamycin-associated protein), RAFT1 (rapamycin and FKBP*2 target 1), RAPT1 (rapamycin target 1) and SEP (sirolimus effector protein) to refer to the protein. Due to the ubiquity of mTOR in animals the meaning of the m has been formally changed from "mammalian" to "mechanistic".
