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Baling zhonglu, Yueyang, Hunan
| Mol. wt. **7.3 M.f. C9H*7N5S Form White powder. M.p. *6.3–*7.0 °C B.p. **7 °C/*8.6 kPa V.p. 0.**5 mPa (*5 °C) (OECD **4) Kow logP = 2.*3 (*5 °C) Henry 4.1 × ***4 Pa m3 mol*1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.*8 (*2 °C) Solubility In water **0 mg/l (pH 7.1, *2 °C). In acetone **0, methanol **0, toluene **0, n-octanol **0, hexane *2 (all in g/l, *5 °C). Stability Stable in neutral, weakly acidic, and weakly alkaline media. Hydrolysed by strong acids (pH 1) and alkalis (pH *3) to the herbicidally-inactive *-hydroxy derivative. Slowly decomposed by uv light. pKa 4.1, weak base |
| APPLICATIONS |
| Biochemistry Photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor at the photosystem II receptor site. Mode of action Selective systemic herbicide, absorbed by the leaves and roots, with translocation acropetally in the xylem, and accumulation in the apical meristems. |
| Uses Pre- and post-emergence control of most annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in pineapples, sugar cane, bananas, citrus fruit, maize, cassava, coffee, tea, sisal, cocoa, oil palms, and on non-crop land. Application rates are in the range 2–4 kg/ha, except when used as a directed spray on maize. Also used as a potato haulm desiccant. Phytotoxicity Some sugar cane varieties show temporary chlorosis and scorching of lower leaves. |
| Oral Acute oral LD*0 for rats ***0 mg tech./kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD*0 for rabbits >***0, rats >***0 mg/kg. Not a skin or eye irritant (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC*0 (4 h) for rats >***0 mg/m3 air. NOEL (2 y) for rats *0, for mice *0 ppm; (1 y) for dogs **0 ppm. ADI/RfD (BfR) 0.**5 mg/kg b.w. [***3]; (EPA) cRfD 0.**2 mg/kg b.w. [***5]. Toxicity Class WHO (a.i.) III; EPA (formulation) III EC classification Xn; R*2| N; R*0, R*3| concn. dep. |
| ECOTOXICOLOGY |
| Birds LC*0 (5 d) for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >***0 ppm. Fish LC*0 (*6 h) for rainbow trout 3.6, bluegill sunfish 8.5, channel catfish *5 mg/l. Daphnia LC*0 (*6 h) *8 mg/l. Algae EC*0 (7 d) for Selenastrum capricornutum 0.***6 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. LC*0 (*6 h) for mysid shrimps (Mysidopsis bahia) 2.3 mg/l. Bees Low toxicity to bees; LD*0 (oral) >**0 μg/bee. Worms LC*0 (*4 d) for earthworms **6 mg/kg soil. |
| ENVIRONMENTAL FATE |
| Animals Irrespective of the dose or the dosing regime, most is excreted within 3 to 4 days. Conjugation with glutathione and dealkylation are the main metabolic pathways. Plants Metabolised by tolerant plants and, to a lesser extent, by sensitive plants, to non-toxic substances by replacement of the methylthio group by a hydroxy group, and by dealkylation of the amino groups. Soil/Environment Loss from soil is principally by microbial degradation (H. O. Esser et al., in Herbicides: Chem., Deg. & MOA, ***5, 1, **9). Median DT*0 in field soil *2 d (*1–**0 d). Koc *6–**7; however column leaching studies indicate ametryn does not leach significantly. Degradation in aquatic systems is caused by microbial processes, with photolysis also contributing. Adsorption to the sediment is the most efficient mechanism of elimination of ametryn from water. |
