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Jiahe Road, Xiamen, Fujian
Lithium (from Ancient Greek λίθος (lthos) 'stone') is a chemical
element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft,
silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the
least dense metal and the least dense solid element. Like all
alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must
be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as
purified kerosene[7] or mineral oil. It exhibits a metallic luster.
It corrodes quickly in air to a dull silvery gray, then black
tarnish. It does not occur freely in nature, but occurs mainly as
pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium.
Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and
is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated
electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium
chloride.
The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability, since the
two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest
binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides. Because of its
relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar
system than *5 of the first *2 chemical elements even though its
nuclei are very light: it is an exception to the trend that heavier
nuclei are less common.[8] For related reasons, lithium has
important uses in nuclear physics. The transmutation of lithium
atoms to helium in ***2 was the first fully human-made nuclear
reaction, and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged
thermonuclear weapons.
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